Data from mobile phones show that fewer people went out at night on Monday when the Tokyo Metropolitan Government started asking establishments that serve alcohol to close early to curb the spread of the coronavirus.
IT firm Agoop estimated the number of people at specific locations across Japan based on mobile phone data gathered with users' consent. Privacy was protected.
Tokyo reported a record 472 new cases of the coronavirus on Saturday. The daily tally in the Japanese capital topped 400 for the second day in a row. That puts the total number of infections in Tokyo more than 13,000.
Tokyo officials say the increase may be due to outings during the 4-day holiday last month.
Tokyo Governor Koike Yuriko says she may have to consider declaring a state of emergency in the Japanese capital, as she reported a single-day record of 463 new coronavirus cases on Friday.
This is the first time Tokyo's daily tally has surpassed 400. The figure is nearly 100 more than the 367 cases reported on Thursday. The number of patients in serious condition stands at 16, down six from the day before.